11/27/2023 0 Comments American indian thunderbird![]() There are some cases in which the coding for persons of mixed heritage is "I" or "W" and, in rare cases, "Mu" (mulatto) or "B" (black). Where, on the other hand, they are found in communities composed wholly, or mainly of Indians, the opposite construction is taken. 8 For the most part, persons of mixed heritage were identified in the column for color as "HB" (half-breed) or "½ I." A report of the 1870 census describes how persons identified as "half-breed" were counted: Where persons reported as "Half-breeds" are found residing with whites, adopting their habits of life and methods of industry, such persons are to be treated as belonging to the white population. ![]() A close review of the census returns for Washington Territory identified many instances of mixed heritage, the majority of whom were the children of Indian women and white men. The count of taxed Indians in each census includes a number of persons of mixed Indian/white heritage. Between 18, all regions of the country showed increases in taxed Indians, particularly in the west, where the number increased by more than 30,000. (Records of the Bureau of the Census, RG 29)Īlthough most states and territories showed increases in taxed Indians between 18, these increases were more than offset by large decreases in California (10,557), New Mexico (9,198), and Michigan (1,246). On this page from the 1860 census, the enumerator indicated persons of mixed Indian/white heritage as HB, or half-breed. 5īecause federal government officials made actual counts or estimates of not taxed Indians, we can calculate the percentage of Indians included in each census: Under this provision and using specially designed forms, agents enumerated Indians living near military reservations in California, Dakota Territory, and Washington Territory. The 1880 census act clearly states that "Indians not taxed shall be omitted from the enumeration" but then adds: the Superintendent of Census may employ special agents or other means to make an enumeration of all Indians not taxed, within the jurisdiction of the United States, with such information as to their condition as may be obtainable. Indians not in tribal relations, whether full-bloods or half-breeds, who are found mingled with the white population, residing in white families, engaged as servants or laborers, or living in huts or wigwams on the outskirts of towns or settlements are to be regarded as a part of the ordinary population of the country for the constitutional purpose of the apportionment of Representatives among the States, and are to be embraced in the enumeration. The instructions for conducting the 1880 census include a definition for "Indians not taxed" and an expanded description of Indians to be enumerated: By the phrase "Indians not taxed" is meant Indians living on reservations under the care of Government agents, or roaming individually, or in bands, over unsettled tracts of country. ![]() The instructions to enumerators for conducting the 1870 census are essentially the same as those for the 1860 census. Even though the 1860 census schedule does not include "Indian" as a choice in the column heading for "Color," enumerators nevertheless followed the instructions cited in the previous paragraph and recorded more than 40,000 Indians. Although the 1870 census schedule is the first to list "Indian" as a choice in the column heading for "Color," Native Americans were enumerated earlier. Most genealogy guides that address Native Americans in the census incorrectly state that the first federal decennial census in which at least a portion of the Indian population is enumerated is 1870. The families of Indians who have renounced tribal rule, and who under state or territory laws exercise the rights of citizens, are to be enumerated. ![]() 1 The instructions to the 1860 census enumerators defined who was to be counted and who was not: Indians not taxed are not to be enumerated. The first federal decennial census that clearly identifies any Native Americans is the 1860 census. ![]() Section 2 excludes "Indians not taxed"-those Indians living on reservations or those roaming in unsettled areas of the country. Article I, section 2, of the Constitution requires a census to be taken every 10 years so that seats in the House of Representatives can be apportioned among the states. of the House of Representatives for the 1st Session of the 52nd Congress, 1891–92, serial set volume 3016)Īn examination of the annual census records from 1860 to 1890 shows the beginnings of the enumeration of Native Americans in the census. This portrait of Governor Blacksnake was accompanied by the date and place of his death. An 1890 Bureau of the Census report on Indians has a few items of genealogical importance. ![]()
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